$B!!0lHL$KFC
$B$NFs$D$N2>Dj$rAC$K9=C[$5$l$F$$$k!"$H9M$($i$l$F$$$^$9!#$7$+$7!"(B
$B8eF#65
$B$rF3F~$7!"$=$l$r85$KAjBPO@$r:n$C$?!"$H |
$B$b@.$jN)$D$O$:$G!"7k6I(B$BL\
- $B;~6u5wN%ITJQ$N2>@b$H$O(B
- $B2>@b$G$O$J$/7k2L(B
- $B6C$/$Y$-O@M}$N$9$jBX$((B....$B$r$d$C$F$k$N$OC/$@(B?
- $B6CX3$N??Aj!&$H$s$@CcHV(B
$B!!$J$*!"7kO@$@$1$r$*FI$_$K$J$j$?$$J}$O(B 4.$B6CX3$N??Aj!&$H$s$@CcHV(B$B$@$1$*FI$_$/$@$5$$(B($B>P(B)$B!#(B
$B!!(B($BFC$B$H$$$&$H$-!"(B(t$B!"(BP) $B$H(B (t'$B!"(BP') $B$,$I$N$h$&$J4X78$K$"$k$+$r?t<0$G<($7$?$b$N!"$H9M$($FNI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B $BAjBPO@$G$O!"$=$N:BI8JQ49$O%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$H$$$&$b$N$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B$B$"$k47@-7O(B K $B$G8+$?$H$-(B $B;~9o(B t$B!"0LCV(B P(x, y, z)$B$K5/$3$C$?=PMh;v$,!"(BK $B$KBP$7$F1?F0$7$F$$$kJL$N47@-7O(B K' $B$G8+$k$H(B$B;~9o(B t'$B!"0LCV(B P'(x', y', z')$B$K5/$3$C$?$h$&$K8+$($k(B$B!!:G=i$K=q$$$?$h$&$K!#0lHL$KAjBPO@$O(B
- $BFC
$B8wB.ITJQ$N86M}(B $B$NFs$D$N2>@b$+$i@.$jN)$C$F$$$k(B($B86M}$H$$$&$H0N$=$&$G$9$,!"$3$l$OC1$KM}O@$rAH$_N)$F$k:]$KA0Ds$H$9$k2>@b!"$/$i$$$N0UL#$7$+$"$j$^$;$s(B) $B$H$5$l$F$$$^$9!#JL$N8@$$J}$r$9$k$H!"47@-7O$N4V$N:BI8JQ49$,%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$G$"$k$3$H$r!"$3$N$U$?$D$N2>@b$+$iF3$$$F$$$k!"$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B!!$=$l$KBP$7$F8eF#65
@b$r$3$C$=$j!"2?$N:,5r$bL5$7$KF3F~$7$F$$$k!W$H
- $B;~6u5wN%ITJQ$N2>@b(B
$B$H$O!"$I$&$$$&J*$G$7$g$&$+!#$=$l$r$^$:@bL@$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
$B!!$"$k47@-7O(B K(x, y, z, t) $B$G!"0LCV(B
P0 : (x0, y0, z0) $B$KCV$$$?8w8;$+$i8w$rH/P1 : (x1, y1, z1) $B$K$"$k8w%;%s%5!<$G$=$N8w$rl9g$r9M$($^$9!#(B $B8w$,(B P0 $B$G8w8;$+$iH/
t0$B!"(B $B$=$N8w$,(B P1 $B$G%;%s%5!<$Kt1 $B$HCV$/$H!"8wB.ITJQ$N86M}$K$h$j!"8wB.$O(B c $B$G$9$+$i!"(B $B$H$$$&<0$,@.$jN)$A$^$9!#!V(BP0P1 $B4V$N5wN%!W$r<0$GI=$9$H!"(B($B<0(B 1-1) :$B!!(B(P0P1 $B4V$N5wN%(B) = c(t1 - t2) $B$G$9$+$i!"(B($B<0(B 1-1) $B$H(B ($B<0(B 1-2) $B$r$^$H$a$F!"(B($B<0(B 1-2) :$B!!(B(P0P1 $B4V$N5wN%(B)2 = (x1 - x0)2 + (y1 - y0)2 + (z1 - z0)2 $B$H$$$&<0$,@.$jN)$A$^$9!#$5$F!"$$$A$$$A(B($B<0(B 1-3) :$B!!(B(x1 - x0)2 + (y1 - y0)2 + (z1 - z0)2 = c2(t1 - t2)2 (x1 - x0)2 $B$J$I$H=q$/$N$OLLE]$J$N$G!"(B$B$HCV$$$F!"(B($B<0(B 1-3) $B$r=q$-49$($k$H!"(B
dx = x1 - x0 dy = y1 - y0 dz = z1 - z0 dt = t1 - t0 ($B<0(B 1-4) :$B!!(B$B$H$J$j$^$9!#$3$3$G!"1&JU$r0\9`$9$k$H!"(Bdx2 + dy2 + dz2 = c2dt2 ($B<0(B 1-5) :$B!!(B$B$,@.$jN)$A$^$9!#$5$F!"$3$N(B ($B<0(B 1-5) $B$N:8JU$O:#8e$h$/=P$F$/$k$N$G!"$3$l$r(Bdx2 + dy2 + dz2 - c2dt2 = 0 $B$HCV$$$F$7$^$$$^$9!#$9$k$H!"(B($B<0(B 1-5) $B$O!"(Bds2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2 - c2dt2 ($B<0(B 1-6) :$B!!(B$B$K$J$j$^$9!#(Bds2 = 0 $B!!$3$N(B ds $B$OAjBPO@$G$O=EMW$JLr3d$r$b$DNL$G!"!V;~6u5wN%!W!V(B4$Bl9g$K$O(B ds = 0 $B$G$9$,!"0lHL$N>l9g$K$O(B ds $B$O(B0$B$H$O8B$j$^$;$s!#(B $BFC$KCm0U$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$N$O!"(B
ds2 < 0 $B$H$J$k>l9g$b$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$G!"(B $B$3$N;~$O(B ds $B$O5u?t$K$J$j$^$9!#(B$B!!$5$F!"$3$3$^$G$O!"47@-7O(B K $B$G$N$_9M$($F$$$^$7$?!#(B $B$3$N=PMh;v$r!"(BK $B$KBP$7$F1?F0$7$F$$$kJL$N47@-7O(B K' (x', y', z', t') $B$G8+$k$H!"$I$&$J$k$G$7$g$&$+(B?
$B!!(BK' $B$G9M$($?$H$-!"(B
$B$HCV$/$H!"$3$N47@-7O$G$b8wB.ITJQ$,@.$jN)$A$^$9$+$i!"(B($B<0(B 1-3) $B$rF3$$$?$N$HF1$8$h$&$K!"(B
- $B8w$,8w8;$+$iH/
0$B!"(B - $B$=$N;~$N8w8;$N0LCV$r(B
P'0 : (x'0, y'0, z'0) - $B8w$,%;%s%5!<$K1$B!"(B
- $B$=$N;~$N%;%s%5!<$N0LCV$r(B
P'1 : (x'1, y'1, z'1) $B$,@.$jN)$D$O$:$G$9!#$3$3$G$^$?!"@h$[$I$HF1$8$h$&$K!"(B($B<0(B 1-3') :$B!!(B(x'1 - x'0)2 + (y'1 - y'0)2 + (z'1 - z'0)2 = c2(t'1 - t2)2 $B$HCV$1$P!"(B
dx' = x'1 - x'0 dy' = y'1 - y'0 dz' = z'1 - z'0 dt' = t'1 - t'0 ($B<0(B 1-5') :$B!!(B$B$,@.$jN)$A$^$9!#$3$3$G$^$?!"(B($B<0(B 1-5') $B$N:8JU$r(B ds'2 $B$HCV$1$P!"(Bdx'2 + dy'2 + dz'2 - c2dt'2 = 0 ($B<0(B 1-6') :$B!!(B$B$H$J$j$^$9!#(Bds'2 = 0 $B!!$5$F!":#$^$G$O!V8w8;$+$i8w$rH/
$B;~9o(B t0$B!"0LCV(B P0 $B;~9o(B t1$B!"0LCV(B P1 $B$NAH$_9g$o$;$K$D$$$F!"$b$7(B ($B<0(B 1-6) $B$,@.$jN)$F$P!"(B$B$H$$$&$3$H$,(B ($B86M}E*$K$O(B) $B2DG=$J$O$:$G$9!#$G$9$+$i!"$3$N;~$O!"(BK' $B$G$_$?$=$l$>$l$N;~9o$H0LCV!"(B
$B;~9o(B t0$B$K0LCV(B P0$B$+$iH/ $B;~9o(B t1$B$K0LCV(B P1$B$KFO$/(B $B$K$D$$$F(B ($B<0(B 1-6') $B$,@.$jN)$C$F$$$k$O$:$G$9!#$D$^$j!"(B
$B;~9o(B t'0$B!"0LCV(B P'0 $B;~9o(B t'1$B!"0LCV(B P'1 $B$H$$$&$3$H$,8@$($^$9(B (A $B"M(B B $B$O!V(BA $B$,@.$jN)$F$P(B B $B$b@.$jN)$D!W$N0UL#(B) $B$^$?!"FCds2 = 0$B!!"M!!(Bds'2 = 0 ds'2 = 0$B!!"M!!(Bds2 = 0
($B<0(B 1-7) :$B!!(B$B$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$j$^$9(B (A $B"N(B B $B$O!V(BA $B"M(B B$B!"$+$D(B B $B"M(B A$B!W$N0UL#(B)$B!#(Bds2 = 0$B!!"N!!(Bds'2 = 0
$B!!(B($B<0(B 1-7) $B$O!"AjBP@-86M}$H8wB.ITJQ$N86M}$NFs$D$N2>@b$+$iF3$+$l$k!V$I$N47@-7O$G$b8wB.$OITJQ!W(B
$B$H$$$&;v@b$,@5$7$$!"$H$$$&A0Ds$G$N;v
$B!!65
$B!!EvA3!"(B($B<0(B 1-8) $B$,@.$jN)$F$P!"(B($B<0(B 1-7) $B$O<+F0E*$K@.$jN)$A$^$9!#0lJ}!"(B($B<0(B 1-7) $B$,@.$jN)$C$F$$$F$b!"(B
($B<0(B 1-8) $B$,@.$jN)$D$H$O8B$j$^$;$s!#$D$^$j!"(B($B<0(B 1-7) $B$H(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$N4V$K$OHtLv$,$"$k$o$1$G$9!#AjBPO@$N4pK\$G$"$k%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$NF3=P$K!"(B
$B$3$s$JO@M}$NHtLv$,$"$k$H$7$?$i!"BgLdBj$G$9!#(B
$B!!$3$N(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$,8eF#;a$N8@$&!V;~6u5wN%ITJQ$N2>@b!W$G$9!#(B
$B!!%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$,$J$Dj$rF3F~$7$?$+!"$=$l$r8eF#65
$B!!$5$F!"%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$,K\Ev$K$=$N$h$&$J>!
$B$?$@$7!"&C(B = 1/$B-u(B(1 - v2/c2)
$B!!(B($B<0(B 2-1-1)$B!A(B($B<0(B 2-1-4) $B$O:BI8$K4X$9$k<0$G$9$,!"0l
$B!!l9g!"(B($B<0(B 1-8) $B$O;H$o$:$KAjBP@-86M}$H8wB.ITJQ$N86M}$+$i%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3$$$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B$b$A$m$s!"$3$NFs$D$N86M}!V$@$1!W$+$i!"$H$$$&$o$1$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$3$NFs$D$N86M}0J30$N2>Dj$O!"Nc$($P(B
$B!!$=$NNc$r!"$*L\$K$+$1$^$7$g$&(B
$B$5$i$K!"(BK' $B7O$,(B K $B7O$+$i$_$F(B x $B<4J}8~$KF0$$$F$$$k!"$H$$$&>r7o$+$i!"(Bt $B$bF~$i$J$$!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"(By $B<4$H(B y'$B<4!"(Bz $B<4$H(B z'$B<4$,J?9T$H$$$&>r7o$+$i!"(By' $B$N<0$K(B z $B!"(Bz' $B$N<0$K(B y$B!"$OF~$i$J$$!#(B
$B$f$($K!"(B
$B!!$7$?$,$C$F!"(B4. $B$N(B ($B<0(B 2-2) $B$r5UJQ49$KEv$F$O$a$l$P!"(B
$B!!(B3. $B$N(B y', z' $B$N<0$K$D$$$F$bF1MM$NM}M3$G!"(B
$B$3$N8e$7$P$i$/!";d$,4{$K=q$$$?!"!V%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$O$J$<$3$N2>@b$rF3F~$7$?$+!W(B
$B$K$D$$$F$N8eF#65
$B!!>>EDBnLi65
$B!!NO3X!"86;RO@!"NL;RO@!"EE<'5$3X!"Ey!9!"(B
$BJ*M}M}O@$NB?$/$O$=$NAO;O4|$K$O8=Be$NL\$+$i8+$?$i$*$+$7$J!"0UL#$N$J$$9M$($,4^$^$l$F$$$k$b$N$G$9!#(B
$B652J=q$K:\$C$F$$$k$N$O!"8e$N?M!9$,$-$l$$$K@0Hw$7$?M}O@$G$9!"(B
$B$@$+$i$H$$$C$F$3$l$i$NM}O@$,J*M}E*$KL50UL#!"$@$H$+!"652J=q$N@bL@$,4V0c$C$F$$$k!"Ey$H$$$&$3$H$O$J$$$G$7$g$&(B?
$BC1$J$k8@$$$,$+$j$G$9!#O@M}$r$9$jBX$($F$$$k$N$O!"C/$J$s$G$7$g$&$+(B?
$B!!$5$i$K8eF#65
M$B;a$N@bL@$G$O!"$^$:!"%,%j%l%$JQ49(B
$B!!8eF#;a$K$h$l$P!"$3$N$h$&$J7W;;$O!"$O$8$a$+$i7k2L(B ($B%m!<%l%s%DJQ49(B) $B$,J,$+$C$F$$$F!"(B
$B$=$l$,=P$F$/$k$h$&$K;EAH$s$@!"$D$^$j!"7kO@$r@h
$B!!%"$NAjBPO@(B ($B0zMQ
$B!!?M$N$;$C$+$/$N@bL@$r!"5=bV$@$N%H%j%C%/$@$N$4$^$+$7$@$N$H9%$-J|Bj$$$C$F$^$9$,!"(B
$BJL$K%H%j%C%/$G$O$J$$$N$G$9!#(B
$B!!7O$K$h$C$F;~4V$K0c$&JQ?t(B t$B!"(Bt' $B$r;H$&$N$O!"(B
$B!V7O$K$h$C$F0[$J$k;~4V!W$r:G=i$+$iA0Ds$H$7$F$$$k$N$G$O$J$/$F!"(B
$B!V$9$Y$F$N7O$G6&DL$N;~4V!W$rA0Ds$H$O$7$J$$!"$H$$$&$@$1$J$N$G$9!#(B
$B!!!V$9$Y$F$N7O$K6&DL$N!"@dBP;~4V!W$O8eF#65
$B!!:Y$+$$$3$H$r8@$&$h$&$G$9$,!"(B
$B!!(B$B$=$b$=$b!"8eF#65
$B!!$=$N>Z5r$K!":rG/Kv$K$G$?!V2J3X$O%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$KqY$5$l$F$$$?$N$+(B($BFA4V=qE9(B)$B!W$K$O!"$=$N$h$&$J4QE@$G$N@bL@$O(B$B0l@Z$"$j$^$;$s(B$B!#(B
$B$?$@!"!V;~6u5wN%$J$I$H$$$&J*M}E*0UL#$NITL@$JNL$r$D$+$C$F9=C[$5$l$?AjBPO@$O$*$+$7$$!W$H$$$&
$B$_$C$H$b$J$$$G$9$M(B$B!#(B
$B%H%C%W$KLa$k(B
$B!!7kO@$+$i8@$$$^$7$g$&!#(B$B;H$C$F$$$^$;$s(B$B!#%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$,FC
$B!!$G$O!"%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$O$I$&$d$C$F%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3$$$?$N$+!"(B
$B$H$$$($P!">\$7$$@bL@$O$7$^$;$s$,!":#F|652J=q$K:\$C$F$$$kF3=PK!$H!"K\
$B!!$7$+$7!"$=$l$O=P8}$NJ}$+$iF~$j8}$NJ}$rD/$a$?$@$1$J$N$G$9!#(B
$B%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$K$h$kITJQNL$N<0(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$r=PH/E@$H$9$k%m!<%l%s%DJQ49<0$NM6F3$,!"(B
$B$"$J$?J}$K@h9T$7$FB8:_$7$J$+$C$?$i!"F~$j8}$b=P8}$b$J$/!"$"$J$?J}$O$J$9=Q$b$J$$$o$1$G$9!#(B
$B!!$3$s$J;v$r=q$/$H!"(B
$B!!8eF#65
$B!!$5$F!"$3$N!VAjBPO@$N0UL#!W$O(B 1921 $BG/$N9V5A$r$^$H$a$?$b$N$G!"86Cx$,:G=i$KH/9T$5$l$?$N$O(B 1922$BG/$N$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B$D$^$j!"AjBPO@$,J*M}3X$N@$3&$G4{$K=
$B!!%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$O!VAjBP@-86M}!W!V8wB.ITJQ$N86M}!W$+$i!">/!9E%=-$$$H$b$$$($kJ}K!$G!"%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3$-$^$7$?!#(B
$B$=$N;~$O<+J,$NM}O@$N?t3XE*!"4v2?3XE*$JB&LL$K$O5$$,$D$$$F$$$J$+$C$?$N$G$9!#(B
$B$=$&$d$C$F$G$-$?M}O@$r!"?t3X
$B!!%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s<+?H$O:G=i$3$N8+2r$r$"$^$jI>2A$7$F$$$^$;$s$G$7$?$,!"8e$K9M$($r2~$a$^$7$?!#(B
$B$=$l$O0lHLAjBPO@$,;~6u$N4v2?3X$H$7$F9=C[$5$l$?$3$H$+$i$b$o$+$j$^$9!#(B
$B0lHLAjBPO@$G$O$3$N!V;~6u5wN%!W$N35G0$,Hs>o$K=EMW$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
$B!!8eF#65
$B!!$I$A$i$K$7$F$b!"AjBPO@$N9=C[$K$"$?$C$F!V;~6u5wN%!W$J$IA4$/ITMW$@$C$?$3$H$O4V0c$$$J$$$o$1$G$9$+$i!"(B
$B8eF#65
$B!!$=$l$K$7$F$b!"AjBPO@$rHcH=$9$k$J$i!":G=i$NO@J8$/$i$$FI$s$G$*$/$Y$-$@$h$M(B....
$B%H%C%W$KLa$k(B
($B<0(B 1-8) :$B!!(B
$B$H$$$&<0$,@.$jN)$D!"$H$$$&2>Dj$r!"2?$N:,5r$b$J$/;}$A=P$7$F!"$=$l$r$D$+$C$F%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3$-=P$7$F$$$k!"(B
$B$H$$$&$N$G$9!#(B
$B$r9M$($k!#(B
$BL\
$B!!$^$:!"7k2L$r@h
($B<0(B 2-9-2) $B$rJQ7A$9$k$H!"(B
$B$H$$$&>l9g$N%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$G$9!#0J2<$K<($7$^$9!#(B
$B!!$^$:$O!"$3$N<0$K$D$$$F(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$,@.$jN)$D$+$I$&$+!"D4$Y$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
$B$H!"3N$+$K(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$,@.$jN)$C$F$$$^$9!#LdBj$O!"(B($B<0(B 1-8) $B$,%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$NC1$J$k7k2L$J$N$+!"(B
$B$=$l$H$b%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3$/$N$KI,MWIT2D7g$J2>@b$J$N$+!"$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#(B
$B$J$I!"%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s0JA0$+$i$4$/Ev$?$jA0$KDj$P$+$j$G!"(B
$B$o$6$o$68@5Z$9$k$^$G$b$J$$2>Dj$G$9!#(B
y' = a(v)y
$B$,@.$jN)$D!#(B
$B$5$i$K!"(Ba(v) $B$H(B b(v) $B$,0[$J$k$H!"(B
$BJ*M}K!B'$,6u4V$NJ}8~$K$h$C$F0[$J$k$3$H$K$J$k(B($BEyJ}@-$,GK$l$k(B)$B!#$7$?$,$C$F!"(B
z' = b(v)z
a(v) = b(v)
$B$G$"$k!#$D$^$j!"(B
y' = a(v)y
$B$G$"$k!#(B
z' = a(v)z
($B<0(B 2-2) :$B!!(Bx' = $B&F(B(v)(x - vt)
$B$3$N&F$O!"$3$l$+$i5a$a$k(B v $B$N4X?t$G$"$k!#(B
($B<0(B 2-2') :$B!!(Bx = $B&F(B(-v)(x' + vt')
$B$,@.$jN)$D(B
y = a(-v)y'
$B$,@.$jN)$D!#$D$^$j!"(B
z = a(-v)z'
y = a(-v)y' = a(-v)a(v)y
$B$G$"$k$+$i!"(B
a(-v)a(v) = 1
$B$G$"$k!#(Ba(v) $B$,(B 1 $B0J30$N>l9g!"1?F0$9$kJ*BN$,1?F0J}8~$K?bD>$K3HBg!"$b$7$/$O=L>.$9$k$3$H$K$J$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"(Ba(v) $B$,(B 1 $B0J30!"$H$$$&$3$H$O(B a(-v) $B!b(B a(v) $B$G$"$k$+$i!"(B
$B1?F0$NB.$5$,F1$8$G$b?J$`J}8~$K$h$C$F=L>.$7$?$j3HBg$7$?$j$N:9$,=P$k$3$H$K$J$k!#(B
$B$3$l$OEyJ}@-$N2>Dj$KH?$9$k!#$h$C$F(B
a(v) = a(-v) = 1
$B$9$J$o$A!"(B
y' = y
$B$G$"$k!#(B
z' = z
$B&F(B(v)(ct - vt) = ct'
$B$3$l$r@0M}$9$k$H!"(B
$B&F(B(-v)(ct' + vt') = ct
($B<0(B 2-3) :$B!!&F(B(v)(c - v)t = ct'
$B$rF@$k!#(B($B<0(B 2-3)$B!"(B($B<0(B 2-3') $B$NN>JU$r$=$l$>$l3]$19g$o$;$k$H!"(B
($B<0(B 2-3') :$B!!&F(B(-v)(c + v)t' = ct
$B&F(B(v)$B&F(B(-v)(c2 - v2)tt' = c2tt'
$B$D$^$j!"(B
($B<0(B 2-4) :$B!!&F(B(v)$B&F(B(-v) = c2/(c2 - v2) = 1/(1 - v2/c2)
$B$,@.$jN)$D!#(B
($B<0(B 2-2-a) :$B!!&F(B(-v)x' = $B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v)(x - vt)
$B$3$l$H!"(B5. $B$N(B ($B<0(B 2-2') $B$r0\9`$7$?(B
($B<0(B 2-2'-a) :$B!!&F(B(-v)x' = x - $B&F(B(-v)vt'
$B$+$i!"(B
x - $B&F(B(-v)vt' = $B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v)(x - vt)
$B$3$l$r0\9`$7$F@0M}$9$k$H!"(B
$B&F(B(-v)vt' = x - $B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v)(x - vt) = $B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v)vt - {$B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v) - 1}x
($B<0(B 2-4) $B$h$j!"(B
t' = $B&F(B(v)t - {$B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v) - 1}x / {$B&F(B(-v)v}
$B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v) - 1 = 1/(1 - v2/c2) - 1
$B$h$C$F(B
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B= {1 - (1 - v2/c2)}/(1 - v2/c2)
$B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(B= (v2/c2)/(1 - v2/c2) = $B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v)v2/c2
$B<0(B (2-5) :$B!!(Bt' = $B&F(B(v)t - $B&F(B(v)vx/c2 = $B&F(B(v)(t - vx/c2)
$BF1MM$K$7$F(B
$B<0(B (2-5') :$B!!(Bt = $B&F(B(-v)(t' + vx'/c2)
$B$G$"$k$3$H$,$o$+$C$?!#$"$H$O&F(B(v) $B$r5a$a$k$@$1$G$"$k!#$=$N$?$a$K!"(Bx $B<4$K1h$C$F(B K $B7O$K@E;_$7$F$$$kD9$5(B L $B$NK@$,!"(B
K' $B$G$I$N$h$&$K8+$($k$+9M$($F$_$h$&!#K@$N0lC<(B A $B$O(B K $B$N86E@$K!"B>C<(B B $B$O(B x = L $B$N0LCV$K$"$k$b$N$H$9$k!#(B
$B$^$:!"(BA $B$O(B x = 0 $B$G$"$k$+$i!"$=$l$r(B ($B<0(B 2-6-1)$B!"(B($B<0(B 2-6-4) $B$KBeF~$9$k$H!"(B
($B<0(B 2-7-1) :$B!!(Bx' = -$B&F(B(v)vt
$B$h$C$F!"(BA $B$O(B K' $B7O$G$O(B
($B<0(B 2-7-2) :$B!!(Bt' = $B&F(B(v)t
($B<0(B 2-8) :$B!!(Bx' = -vt'
$B$H$$$&1?F0$r$9$k(B ($B$3$l$O$o$6$o$67W;;$9$k$^$G$b$J$$$3$H$G$O$"$k$,(B)$B!#(B
$B
($B<0(B 2-9-1) :$B!!(Bx' = $B&F(B(v)L - $B&F(B(v)vt
($B<0(B 2-9-2) :$B!!(Bt' = $B&F(B(v)t - $B&F(B(v)vL/c2
$B&F(B(v)t = t' + $B&F(B(v)vL/c2
$B$3$l$r(B ($B<0(B 2-9-1) $B$KBeF~$9$k$H!"(B
x' = $B&F(B(v)L - vt' - $B&F(B(v)Lv2/c2
$B7k6I!"(BB $B$O(B K' $B7O$G$O(B
$B!!(B = -vt' + $B&F(B(v)L(1 - v2/c2)
$B!!(B = -vt' + $B&F(B(v)L/{$B&F(B(-v)$B&F(B(v)}
($B<0(B 2-10) :$B!!(Bx' = -vt' + L/$B&F(B(-v)
$B$H$$$&1?F0$r$9$k$3$H$K$J$k!#(B($B<0(B 2-8) $B$H(B ($B<0(B 2-10) $B$rHf3S$9$k$H!"(B
AB $B4V$N(B K' $B$G$N5wN%(B L' $B$O(B
($B<0(B 2-11) :$B!!(BL' = L/$B&F(B(-v)
$B$G$"$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#6u4V$NEyJ}@-$N2>Dj$+$i!"1?F0$9$kK@$ND9$5$OB.EY$,(B v
$B$G$"$C$F$b(B -v $B$G$"$C$F$bF1$8$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$O$:$G$"$k!#$D$^$j!"(B
$B&F(B(v) = $B&F(B(-v)
$B$G$"$k!#$3$N;v$H(B ($B<0(B 2-4) $B$h$j!"(B
$B&F(B(v) = 1/$B-u(B(1 - v2/c2) = $B&C(B
$B$,F@$i$l!"%m!<%l%s%DJQ49(B ($B<0(B 2-1-1)$B!A(B($B<0(B 2-1-4) $B$,F3$+$l$?!#(B
$B$5$F!"?oJ,$HD9$/$J$C$F$7$^$$$^$7$?$,!"(B
$BFs$D$N86M}$r2>Dj$9$k$@$1$G%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$,F3$1$k$3$H$,$*J,$+$j$K$J$C$?$H$*$b$$$^$9!#(B
$B$J$*!"IaDL$O$O$8$a$+$i(B $B&F(B(v) = $B&F(B(-v) $B$HCV$$$F$7$^$&$N$G!"$b$C$HC;$/$J$j$^$9!#(B
$BEyJ}@-$N2>Dj$+$i$=$&$J$k$N$G$9$,!"8eF#65
$BL\
3. $B6C$/$Y$-O@M}$N$9$jBX$((B....$B$r$d$C$F$k$N$OC/$@(B?
$B!!$5$F!"0J>e$N$h$&$K!"%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3$/$N$K!V;~6u5wN%$NITJQ!W$J$I$H$$$&2>Dj$OITI,MW$J$o$1$G$9$,!"(B
$BEvA34{$K8eF#65
$B8eF#(B :$B!V:#$N$"$J$?$N@bL@$O!"AjBPO@$N$I$N652J=q$K$b=P$F$$$k$b$N$G!"$A$C$H$b?7$7$/$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B;d$N5?G0$O$=$&$7$?@bL@$KBP$9$k5?G0$+$iH/$7$F$$$k$N$G$9!#(B
$B$"$J$?J}$N>e$N$h$&$J@bL@$N;EJ}$O%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$N$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$NAjBPO@$K?(H/$5$l$?$"$J$?J}$N@bL@$N;EJ}$G$9!#(B
$B!V$"$J$?J}$N@bL@$O%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$N$b$N$H$O0c$&!W(B
$B$r$@$7$F!"!V$3$N$^$^$G$O8wB.ITJQ$rK~$?$5$J$$$+$i!W$H!"$3$l$r(B
($B<0(B 3-3) :$B!!(Bx' = $B&F(B(x - vt)$B!"(Bx = $B&F(B(x' + vt')
$B$HJQ99$7!"$3$l$,8wB.ITJQ$rK~$?$9$h$&$K&F$r5a$a$k$H!"(B
($B<0(B 3-4) :$B!!&F(B = 1/$B-u(B(1 - v2/c2)
$B$K$J$k$H$$$&!"$D$^$j;d$,4{$K=q$$$?F3=PK!$H$[$\F1$8$b$N$G$9!#0c$&$N$O$O$8$a$+$i&F(B(v) = $B&F(B(-v)
$B$H$7$F$$$kE@$G$9$M!#$b$A$m$s!"$=$l$O6u4V$NEyJ}@-$K$h$k!"$H@bL@$7$F$"$j$^$9!#(B
$B8eF#(B : $B!V$"$J$?J}$NO@M}$N5=bV$O!"Nc$($P(B ($B<0(B 3-1)$B!"(B($B<0(B 3-2) $B$K$9$G$K8=$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B%,%j%l! x' = $B&F(B(x - vt)$B!"(Bx = $B&F(B(x' + vt')
$B$OA4$/2?$N4X78$b$J$$!"A4$/0[e$N<0$O;~4V$b6u4V$HF1MM$K:BI8JQ49$rDj$r2?5$$J$/;H$C$F$$$^$9$M!#$=$N4N?4$J$H$3$m$NJ*M}E*0UL#IU$1$J$7$G!"(B
$BJ?5$$G$9$C$H;H$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B$N$I$3$,0c$&$N$+!"F1$8$G$O$J$$$+!"$H$$$&?M$,$$$k$+$bCN$l$^$;$s$,!"$=$&$$$&?M$O$-$C$H!"(B
$B$3$N6hJL$b$D$+$J$$$N$G$7$g$&$M!#(B
$B!V7O$K$h$C$F;~4V$O0c$&$+$b$7$l$J$$!"$H9M$($F7W;;$7$F$_$?$1$I!"(B
$B7W;;$7$F$_$?$i$d$C$Q$j;~4V$O$9$Y$F$N7O$G6&DL$@$C$?!W(B
$B$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#$J$K$+LdBj$,$"$k$N$G$7$g$&$+(B? $B$B!V;~4V$O$9$Y$F$N7O$G6&DL!W(B
$B$r@dBPE*??M}$H$7$F?.$8$F$$$k?M$K$O!"0UL#$,$J$$$N$G$7$g$&$M!#(B
$B!VA41'Ch$K6&DL$N!"!X>e2<$NJ}8~!Y!W(B
$B$r?.$8$F$$$k?M$K!"(B
$B!VCO5e$NN"B&$K$$$k?M$OCOLL$+$i$V$i2<$,$C$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$/$F(B...$B!W(B
$B$H@bL@$9$k$N$,L5M}$J$N$HF1$8$G$9$M!#(B
x' = $B&F(B(x - vt)$B!"(Bx = $B&F(B(x' + vt')
$B$HCV$$$?$@$1$G$O!"(B$B$^$@(B$B;~4V$H6u4V$r$^$<$3$<$K$7$F$$$k$H$O8@$($^$;$s!#(B
$B$b$7$=$&$J$i!"%,%j%l%$JQ49$N(B
x' = x - vt
$B$@$C$F!"!V;~4V$H6u4V$r$^$<$3$<$K!W$7$F$$$k$G$7$g$&!#C1$K!"(B
$B;v$r?t<0$GI=$7$?$@$1$G$9!#$D$^$j!"(B$B%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$N;E;v$rCN$i$J$/$F$bC/$G$bF1$8<0$rN)$F$^$9(B$B!#(B
t $B$H(B t'$B$r;H$C$F$$$k$3$H!"N>J}$N<0$KF1$8&F$r;H$C$F$$$k$3$H$O@bL@$,I,MW$G$9$,!"$=$l$O$b$&$$$$$G$9$M(B?
$B!V%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$NF3=P$K$O!X;~6u5wN%!Y$J$I$H$$$&F@BN$NCN$l$J$$$b$N$,;H$o$l$F$$$k!#$@$+$iJQ$@!W(B
$B$H$$$C$F$*$$$F!"?M$+$i(B
$B!V$=$s$JJ*$r;H$o$J$/$F$bF3$1$k$h!W(B
$B$H;XE&$5$l$k$H!"(B
$B!V;d$,K\Ev$K8@$$$?$+$C$?$N$O!"$=$&$$$&!X;~6u5wN%$r;H$o$J$$F3=P!Y$X$N5?G0$@$C$?$N$@!W(B
$B$J$I$H8@$$F($l$k(B....$BO@M}$N$9$jBX$($H$O!"$3$&$$$&;v$r8@$&$N$G$O$J$$$G$7$g$&$+(B?
$BL\
4. $B6CX3$N??Aj!&$H$s$@CcHV(B
$B!!$5$F!"$O$?$7$F%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$OK\Ev$K!V;~6u5wN%ITJQ$N2>Dj!W$J$I$H$$$&$b$N$r;H$C$F$$$?$N$G$7$g$&$+(B?
$B$rK~$?$5$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$3$H$r=R$Y(B ($B5-9f$J$I$OJQ$($F$$$^$9(B)$B!"$5$i$K(B$BFC
$B!!ITJQNL$N<0(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$r;H$o$J$/$F$b!">e$N$h$&$K(B ($B<0(B 3-3) $B:G=i$KCV$1$P%m!<%l%s%DJQ49<0$,=P$k$7!"(B
$B$^$?(B ($B<0(B 1-8) $B$NITJQNL$,8@$($k!"$H$"$J$?J}@lLg2H$O$$$&!#(B
$B!VITJQNL(B($B;~6u5wN%(B) $B$K$h$k%m!<%l%s%DJQ49<0$NM6F3$,@h9T$7$FB8:_$7$?!W(B
$B$H$$$&(B$B;v$B0J>e!"$$$/$i8eF#65
$B$$$d!"K\Ev$O%"%$%s%7%e%?%$%s$O;~6u5wN%$K$h$C$F%m!<%l%s%DJQ49$rF3=P$7$?$N$@$1$l$I$b!"(B
$BO@J8$G$O$=$l$r1#$7$F$$$?$K0c$$$J$$!#(B
$B$J$I$H$5$i$KLQA[A43+$J;v$r8@$$=P$9?M$b$$$+$M$J$$$N$G!"(B
$B$=$b$=$b8eF#65
$B$,@.$jN)$F$PA0$N>r7o$b<+F0E*$K@.$jN)$D!"$H=R$Y$F$$$^$9!#(B
$BL\